The MQTT-SN Client for embeNET

This part of the demo uses MQTT-SN client running over the embeNET wireless communication protocol. The MQTT-SN protocol is a version of the popular Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol but made suitable for Sensor Networks that utilize UDP transport protocol instead of TCP. This implementation is based on the MQTT-SN specification version 1.2.

This client supports the following functions:

connecting and disconnecting to the gateway
registering topics
subscribing to topics and receiving messages on that topic
publishing messages on topics

More information about the client is available here.

Architecture of the service

The service is implemented as a C module called mqttsn_client_service.c. The API of the service consists of 4 functions:

mqttsn_client_service_init which initializes the service and prepares it for operation - it is called from within the main function.
mqttsn_client_service_start which starts the service - it is called from within the onJoined embeNET callback when the node joins the network.
mqttsn_client_service_stops which stops the service - it is called from within the onLeft embeNET callback when the node leaves the network.
mqttsn_client_service_proc which is a function that should be called periodically - it is called from within the main loop.

The service is mostly event driven and uses a single embeNET Node task implemented by the mqttsnServiceTask function, which goes through a series of states, described by mqttsnServiceState enumeration.

Functionality of the service

The MQTT-SN demo service initialzes the MQTT-SN client and tries to connect to the gateway, which is assumed to run on the border router. Once connected it registers two topics:

uptime/UID
button/UID

where UID is the nodes UID expressed in hex format. The service also subscribes to a topic:

ledcontrol

When the service is running, every 10 seconds a message is published on the uptime/UID topic, which includes node's uptime in seconds in a simple JSON format. If a user presses a button on the board, a message is published on the button/UID topic, including button press counter in a simple JSON format. Such message is sent upmost once every second.

When a message is published on the ledcontrol topic the service tries to match it to one of the following commands: led1on, led1off, led2on, led2off, led3on, led3off to change the state of 3 LEDs present on the board.

If the service notices that it is disconnected from the gateway, it will try to reconnect automatically.

QoS level

Similar to MQTT, the MQTT-SN protocol defines several Quality of Service (QoS) levels. The current implementation of the MQTT-SN client uses only QoS 0. This means that the message delivery is best-effort only and is not guaranteed. This also means that the client may not be able to detect when it gets disconnected from the gateway.

Implementation of the service

We will explain the service operation showing the typical flow of events.

Initialization

The mqttsn_client_service_init does two things: initializes the client and creates a service task.

But first a MQTT-SN clientId is constructed as a string "ClientUID" where UID is the nodes UID expressed in hex.

// Prepare clientId - use the UID of the node as part of the client ID
EMBENET_EUI64 uid = EMBENET_NODE_GetUID();
char          clientId[32];
sprintf(clientId, "Client%x%08x", (unsigned)(uid>>32), (unsigned)(uid));

Similarly, uptime/UID and button/UID topics are constructed:

// Prepare topics
sprintf(uptimeTopic, "uptime/%x%08x", (unsigned)(uid>>32), (unsigned)(uid));
sprintf(buttonTopic, "button/%x%08x", (unsigned)(uid>>32), (unsigned)(uid));

Next the MQTT-SN client is initialized:

// Initialize the MQTT-SN client

MQTTSN_CLIENT_Init(&mqttsnClient, 1885, clientId, &mqttEventHandlers);

This initializes the client, listening on port number 1885.

The mqttEventHandlers structure groups several MQTT-SN related event handlers:

onMQTTConnected which is called when the client connects to the gateway
onMQTTDisconnected which is called when the client disconnects from the gateway

Next the embeNET Node task is created:

// Create the service task

mqttsnTaskId = EMBENET_NODE_TaskCreate(mqttsnServiceTask, &mqttsnClient);

EMBENET_NODE_TaskCreate

EMBENET_TaskId EMBENET_NODE_TaskCreate(EMBENET_NODE_TaskFunction taskFunction, void *userContext)

Service start

When the node joins the network, the service is started through a call to mqttsn_client_service_start. This simply sets up initial state of the state machine and schedules the service task to run immediatelly.

serviceState = CONNECTING;

EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(mqttsnTaskId, EMBENET_NODE_TIME_SOURCE_LOCAL, EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime());

EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule

EMBENET_Result EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(EMBENET_TaskId taskId, EMBENET_NODE_TimeSource timeSource, uint64_t t)

EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime

uint64_t EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime(void)

Connecting to the gateway

Initially, the service task mqttsnServiceTask is in the CONNECTING state. in thas state, the border router address is gathered.

// Get border router address. We assume that the MQTT-SN gateway runs on the border router IP.
EMBENET_IPV6 addr;
EMBENET_NODE_GetBorderRouterAddress(&addr);

Next we perform a clean connect

// Perform a clean connect - you can tweak the timings here

MQTTSN_CLIENT_CleanConnect(&mqttsnClient, &addr, 1885, 30, 10, NULL, NULL);

If successful, the onMQTTConnected will be called. However, this will not happen if the gateway is not responding. For such case we plan the task to try again afer 10 seconds.

// Reschedule the task to try again after 10s if failed to connect

EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(mqttsnTaskId, timeSource, t + 10000);

If the client connects to the gateway, the onMQTTConnected callback is called. From within this callback we move to the next state and reschedule the task to run immediatelly.

// Move to another state and reschedule the service task
serviceState = REGISTER_UPTIME_TOPIC;
EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(mqttsnTaskId, EMBENET_NODE_TIME_SOURCE_LOCAL, EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime());

Registering topics

We are now in the REGISTER_UPTIME_TOPIC state and the mqttsnServiceTask runs again. Here we register the uptime/UID topic in the gateway:

MQTTSN_CLIENT_RegisterTopic(&mqttsnClient, uptimeTopic, onMQTTTopicRegistered);

When the topic is registered, the provided onMQTTTopicRegistered will be called.

From within this callback we switch the state to REGISTER_BUTTON_STATE_TOPIC:

if (serviceState == REGISTER_UPTIME_TOPIC) {
    serviceState = REGISTER_BUTTON_STATE_TOPIC;
} else {
    serviceState = SUBSCRIBE_TO_TOPIC;
}

and reschedule the service task:

// Reschedule immediately

EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(mqttsnTaskId, EMBENET_NODE_TIME_SOURCE_LOCAL, EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime());

The same thing happens with the button/UID topic and we finally land in the SUBSCRIBE_TO_TOPIC state.

Subscribing to topics

We are now in the SUBSCRIBE_TO_TOPIC state and the mqttsnServiceTask runs again. Here we subscribe to the ledcontrol topic:

MQTTSN_CLIENT_Subscribe(&mqttsnClient, ledControlTopic, ledUpdate);

and move to normal operation state RUNNING:

// Move to normal state of operation
serviceState = RUNNING;
// Reschedule the task
EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(mqttsnTaskId, timeSource, EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime() + 1000);

Note, that when subscribing to topic we provided a callback function onLedcontrolUpdate. This function will be called when a message is published on the ledcontrol topic. Within that function we will check if the received string is a predefined command and act accordingly.

Publishing uptime

We are now in the RUNNING state and the mqttsnServiceTask runs again. We get the local time:

// Get current local time

uint64_t uptime = EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime();

And construct a simple JSON:

// Construct a simple JSON
char uptimeStr[80];
sprintf(uptimeStr, "{\"uptime\":%u}", (unsigned)(uptime / 1000U));

We next publish it on the uptime/UID topic:

// Publish the message

MQTTSN_CLIENT_PublishMessage(&mqttsnClient, uptimeTopic, uptimeStr, strlen(uptimeStr));

and reschedule this activity in 10s:

// Reschedule the task

EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(taskId, timeSource, t + 10000);

Publishing button counter

This is done from within the mqttsn_client_service_proc function that is called periodically. The function checks for button press. Once detected we prepare a simple JSON message:

// Prepare message to be published
char payloadStr[80];
sprintf(payloadStr, "{\"button\":%d}", ++buttonPressCounter);

and next we publish it:

// Publish message

MQTTSN_CLIENT_PublishMessage(&mqttsnClient, buttonTopic, payloadStr, strlen(payloadStr));

The rest of the code is used to limit the number of messages to one per second at most.

Disconnecting from gateway

When the MQTT-SN client notices that the gateway disconnected it, it will call the provided onMQTTDisconnected calback.

Within that callback we cancel the service task.

// Cancel the service task

EMBENET_NODE_TaskCancel(mqttsnTaskId);

EMBENET_NODE_TaskCancel

EMBENET_Result EMBENET_NODE_TaskCancel(EMBENET_TaskId taskId)

Next we re-initalize the client:

// Re-initialize the client
MQTTSN_CLIENT_Deinit(&mqttsnClient);
// Use the UID of the node as part of the client ID
char          clientId[32];
sprintf(clientId, "Client%x%08x", (unsigned)(EMBENET_NODE_GetUID()>>32), (unsigned)(EMBENET_NODE_GetUID()));
MQTTSN_CLIENT_Init(&mqttsnClient, 1885, clientId, &mqttEventHandlers);

and restart the task again

// Re-initialize and restart the service task
serviceState = CONNECTING;
EMBENET_NODE_TaskSchedule(mqttsnTaskId, EMBENET_NODE_TIME_SOURCE_LOCAL, EMBENET_NODE_GetLocalTime() + 5000);

Service stop

When the node leaves the network, the mqttsn_client_service_stop function is called and the MQTT-SN demo service is stopped. Here we just cancel the task and re-initalize the client:

// Cancel the service task
EMBENET_NODE_TaskCancel(mqttsnTaskId);
// Re-initialize the client
MQTTSN_CLIENT_Deinit(&mqttsnClient);
// Use the UID of the node as part of the client ID
char          clientId[32];
sprintf(clientId, "Client%x%08x", (unsigned)(EMBENET_NODE_GetUID()>>32), (unsigned)(EMBENET_NODE_GetUID()));
MQTTSN_CLIENT_Init(&mqttsnClient, 1885, clientId, &mqttEventHandlers);

The service will be started again once the node joins the network once more.

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